In the world of international construction contracts, disputes are inevitable, even in the best-managed projects. The FIDIC Silver Book (2017 Edition) anticipates this reality and provides a clear framework for resolving disputes efficiently. At the heart of this framework lies Clause 21 — “Disputes and Arbitration.” Understanding this clause is critical for contract administrators, project … Read more
Introduction: The FIDIC Silver Book (2017 Edition) is widely recognized in international construction contracts for allocating risk and responsibility clearly between Employers and Contractors. Among its many clauses, Clause 20: Employer’s and Contractor’s Claims stands out as one of the most practical, critical, and potentially contentious. Why? Because claims — whether for additional payment, extension … Read more
The FIDIC Silver Book (2017 Edition), officially titled Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects, is specifically designed for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) projects where the Contractor undertakes full responsibility for delivering a complete, functioning facility at a fixed price and within a fixed timeframe. Unlike the FIDIC Red or Yellow Books, the Silver Book … Read more
Blockchain technology is often described as providing “immutable” and “tamper-proof” records of transactions. This immutability, grounded in cryptographic consensus mechanisms, allows blockchain entries to function as highly reliable evidence of digital activity. However, while blockchain records are powerful evidentiary tools, they do not in themselves establish legal ownership or title in the traditional sense. Ownership, … Read more
Introduction: In today’s digital landscape, cookies are everywhere. They help websites function smoothly, remember user preferences, and provide insights into how visitors interact with your site. But with data protection laws like GDPR and the ePrivacy Directive, website owners need to be aware of how cookies are used, what information they collect, and how to … Read more
In today’s digitally interconnected world, a website is often the first point of contact between a business and its users. With the proliferation of personal data collection, analytics, e-commerce, and online services, the legal landscape governing websites has become increasingly complex. Compliance is no longer a choice but a legal necessity, requiring website owners to … Read more
Introduction: In the past two decades, the digital landscape has undergone a profound transformation. Companies like Google, Meta (formerly Facebook), Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft have evolved from innovative startups into global behemoths, exerting unparalleled influence over economies, societies, and even democracies. Their reach spans continents, and their platforms have become integral to daily life. However, … Read more
Introduction: Conducting research involving human subjects is a cornerstone of medical and scientific advancement. However, this progress comes with the responsibility of protecting participants’ personal health information (PHI). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) establishes national standards to safeguard patient data, but violations can occur even in well-meaning studies. Understanding common HIPAA violations, … Read more
Introduction: In an era where data is often termed the “new oil,” the protection of personal information has become paramount. Governments worldwide have enacted stringent data privacy laws to safeguard individuals’ personal data and ensure its responsible use. These regulations not only aim to protect citizens but also to foster trust in digital ecosystems. This … Read more
Introduction: Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT are now part of millions of people’s daily lives. We use them to write emails, brainstorm, summarise, code, or just chat for fun. But there’s one question most users don’t ask until it’s too late — What happens to all the data you give to ChatGPT? Does OpenAI … Read more