In the world of international construction contracts, disputes are inevitable, even in the best-managed projects. The FIDIC Silver Book (2017 Edition) anticipates this reality and provides a clear framework for resolving disputes efficiently. At the heart of this framework lies Clause 21 — “Disputes and Arbitration.” Understanding this clause is critical for contract administrators, project … Read more
Introduction: The FIDIC Silver Book (2017 Edition) is widely recognized in international construction contracts for allocating risk and responsibility clearly between Employers and Contractors. Among its many clauses, Clause 20: Employer’s and Contractor’s Claims stands out as one of the most practical, critical, and potentially contentious. Why? Because claims — whether for additional payment, extension … Read more
The FIDIC Silver Book (2017 Edition), officially titled Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects, is specifically designed for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) projects where the Contractor undertakes full responsibility for delivering a complete, functioning facility at a fixed price and within a fixed timeframe. Unlike the FIDIC Red or Yellow Books, the Silver Book … Read more
Blockchain technology is often described as providing “immutable” and “tamper-proof” records of transactions. This immutability, grounded in cryptographic consensus mechanisms, allows blockchain entries to function as highly reliable evidence of digital activity. However, while blockchain records are powerful evidentiary tools, they do not in themselves establish legal ownership or title in the traditional sense. Ownership, … Read more
In today’s digitally interconnected world, a website is often the first point of contact between a business and its users. With the proliferation of personal data collection, analytics, e-commerce, and online services, the legal landscape governing websites has become increasingly complex. Compliance is no longer a choice but a legal necessity, requiring website owners to … Read more
Introduction: Conducting research involving human subjects is a cornerstone of medical and scientific advancement. However, this progress comes with the responsibility of protecting participants’ personal health information (PHI). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) establishes national standards to safeguard patient data, but violations can occur even in well-meaning studies. Understanding common HIPAA violations, … Read more
Introduction: In an era where data is often termed the “new oil,” the protection of personal information has become paramount. Governments worldwide have enacted stringent data privacy laws to safeguard individuals’ personal data and ensure its responsible use. These regulations not only aim to protect citizens but also to foster trust in digital ecosystems. This … Read more
Introduction: In an era where digital transformation is ubiquitous, cybersecurity has become a paramount concern across all sectors, including the legal profession. Law firms and legal professionals handle vast amounts of sensitive data, making them prime targets for cyberattacks. The implications of such breaches are profound, affecting client trust, professional reputation, and legal compliance. This … Read more
Introduction: Insider trading often evokes images of secret deals and unfair profits. At its core, it refers to the buying or selling of securities by persons who possess unpublished price sensitive information (UPSI) about a company—information that, if made public, would likely influence the company’s share price. Because such trading undermines market fairness and investor … Read more
Introduction: Justice is one of humanity’s oldest and most compelling pursuits. Across cultures and eras, societies have sought to establish rules, norms, and principles that ensure fairness, protect rights, and maintain social order. Yet, despite millennia of philosophical debate and legal refinement, one question remains persistently elusive:can justice exist without contradictions? In other words, is … Read more